Below is a comprehensive English Civil War timeline, featuring the events leading up to the war, the most important battles, and the events signaling the end of the war. 13th June 1625 King Charles Marries King Charles I married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France at St Augustine’s.
.Casualties and losses50,27,000 non-combat deaths (including some 40,000 civilians)The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (') and Royalists (') over, principally, the manner of England's governance. The (1642–1646) and (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of against the supporters of the, while the (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of and supporters of the.
The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the on 3 September 1651.The overall outcome of the war was threefold: and (1649); the exile of his son, (1651); and the replacement of with, at first, the (1649–1653) and then under the personal rule of (1653–1658) and subsequently his son (1658–1659). In England, the monopoly of the on Christian worship was ended, while in Ireland the victors consolidated the established. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without 's consent, although the idea of was only legally established as part of the in 1688. Contents.Terminology The term 'English Civil War' appears most often in the singular form, although historians often divide the conflict into two or three separate wars. These were not restricted to, as was a part of the Kingdom of England and was affected accordingly; the conflicts also involved wars with, and civil wars within, both and.The wars spanning all three countries are known as the. In the early 19th century, referred to it as 'the Great Civil War'.Unlike other, which focused on who should rule, these conflicts were more concerned with the manner in which the kingdoms of, and were governed.
The called the series of conflicts the 'Great Rebellion', while some historians – especially such as (1912–2003) – have long favoured the term '. Geography Each side had a geographical stronghold, such that minority elements were silenced or fled. The royalty’s included the countryside, the shires, the of Oxford, and the less economically developed areas of northern and western England.
Parliament’s spanned the industrial centers, ports, and economically advanced regions of southern and eastern England, including the remaining cathedral cities (except York, Chester, Worcester). Lacey Baldwin Smith says, 'the words populous, rich, and rebellious seemed to go hand in hand'. Strategy and tactics Many of the officers and veteran soldiers had fought in European wars, mainly the between the Spanish and the Dutch, which began in 1568.The main battle tactic came to be known as infantry. The two sides would line up opposite one another, with infantry brigades of in the centre. These carried matchlock muskets, an inaccurate weapon which nevertheless could be lethal at a range of up to 300 yards. Musketeers would assemble three rows deep, the first kneeling, second crouching, and third standing, allowing all to fire a volley simultaneously.
At times, troops divided into two groups, allowing one to reload while the other fired. Mixed in among the musketeers were pikemen carrying that were between 12 feet (4 m) and 18 feet (5 m) long, whose primary purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges. Positioned on each side of the infantry were cavalry, with a right-wing led by the lieutenant-general and left the commissary general. Its main goal was to rout the opponent's cavalry, then turn and overpower their infantry.
The Royalist cavaliers' skill and speed on horseback led to many early victories. Prince Rupert, the leader of the king's cavalry, brought a tactic learned while fighting in the Dutch army where the cavalry would charge at full speed into the opponent's infantry, firing their pistols just before impact. However, with Oliver Cromwell and the introduction of the more disciplined, a group of disciplined pikemen would stand its ground, which could have a devastating effect.The Royalist cavalry had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge, leaving their forces scattered and tired. Oppositely, was slower but better disciplined. Trained to operate as a single unit, it went on to many decisive victories. Background The King's rule The English Civil War broke out less than forty years after the death of Queen in 1603.
Elizabeth's death had resulted in the succession of her, to the English throne as James I of England, creating the first. As King of Scots, James had become accustomed to Scotland's weak parliamentary tradition since assuming control of the Scottish government in 1583, so that upon assuming power south of the border, the new King of England was genuinely affronted by the constraints the attempted to place on him in exchange for money. In spite of this, James's personal extravagance meant he was perennially short of money and had to resort to extra-Parliamentary sources of income.This extravagance was tempered by James's peaceful disposition, so that by the succession of his son to the English and Scottish thrones in 1625 the two kingdoms had both experienced relative peace, both internally and in their relations with each other, for as long as anyone could remember. Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, fulfilling the dream of his father. Many English Parliamentarians had suspicions regarding such a move because they feared that setting up a new kingdom might destroy the old English traditions which had bound the English monarchy.
As Charles shared his father's position on the power of the crown (James had described kings as 'little gods on Earth', chosen by God to rule in accordance with the doctrine of the '), the suspicions of the Parliamentarians had some justification. Charles I, painted by Van Dyck Parliament in the English constitutional framework At the time, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government. Instead, Parliament functioned as a temporary advisory committee and was summoned only if and when the monarch saw fit. Once summoned, a parliament's continued existence was at the king's pleasure, since it was subject to dissolution by him at any time.Yet, in spite of this limited role, over the preceding centuries Parliament had acquired de facto powers of enough significance that monarchs could not simply ignore them indefinitely. For a monarch, Parliament's most indispensable power was its ability to raise tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crown's disposal. By the seventeenth century, Parliament's tax-raising powers had come to be derived from the fact that the was the only stratum of society with the ability and actual authority to collect and remit the most meaningful forms of taxation then available at the local level.
This meant that if the king wanted to ensure a smooth collection of revenue, he needed the co-operation of the gentry. For all of the Crown's legal authority, by any modern standard, its resources were limited to the extent that, if and when the gentry refused to collect the king's taxes on a national scale, the Crown lacked any practical means with which to compel them.So in order to secure their co-operation, monarchs permitted the gentry (and only the gentry) to elect representatives to sit in the. When assembled along with the, these elected representatives formed a Parliament. The concept of Parliaments therefore allowed representatives of the gentry to meet, primarily (at least in the opinion of the monarch) so that they could give their sanction to whatever taxes the monarch expected their electorate to collect. In the process, the representatives could also confer and send policy proposals to the king in the form of bills. However, Parliament lacked any legal means of forcing its will upon the monarch; its only leverage with the king was the threat of its withholding the financial means required to execute his plans. Parliamentary concerns and the Petition of Right.
Painted by, 1660Many concerns were raised over Charles's marriage to a, French princess, in 1625. The Parliament refused to assign him the traditional right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, deciding instead to grant it only on a provisional basis and negotiate with him.Charles, meanwhile, decided to send an expeditionary force to relieve the French whom French royal troops held. Military support for Protestants on the Continent had the potential to alleviate concerns brought about by the King's marriage to a Catholic. However, Charles's insistence on having his unpopular royal favourite, assume command of the English force undermined that support. Unfortunately for Charles and Buckingham, the relief expedition proved a fiasco (1627), and Parliament, already hostile to Buckingham for his monopoly on, opened proceedings against him.
Charles responded by dissolving Parliament. This move, while saving Buckingham, reinforced the impression that Charles wanted to avoid Parliamentary scrutiny of his ministers.Having dissolved Parliament and unable to raise money without it, the king assembled a new one in 1628.
(The elected members included and.) The new Parliament drew up the, and Charles accepted it as a concession in order to obtain his subsidy. Among other things, the Petition referred to. However, it did not grant him the right of, which Charles had been collecting without Parliamentary authorisation since 1625.
Several of the more active members of the opposition were imprisoned, which caused some outrage; one, subsequently died in prison, becoming regarded as a martyr for the rights of Parliament. Personal rule Charles I avoided calling a Parliament for the next decade, a period known as the ', or the 'Eleven Years' Tyranny'. During this period, Charles's lack of money determined policies. First and foremost, to avoid Parliament, the King needed to avoid war. Charles made peace with France and Spain, effectively ending England's involvement in the. However, that in itself was far from enough to balance the Crown's finances.Unable to raise revenue without Parliament and unwilling to convene it, Charles resorted to other means.
One method was reviving certain conventions, often long-outdated. For example, a failure to attend and to receive at Charles's coronation was a finable offence with the fine paid to the Crown. The King also tried to raise revenue through the tax, by exploiting a naval-war scare in 1635, demanding that the inland English counties pay the tax for the.
Established law supported this policy, but authorities had ignored it for centuries, and many regarded it as yet another extra-Parliamentary (and therefore illegal) tax. Some prominent men refused to pay ship money, arguing that the tax was illegal, but they lost in court, and the fines imposed on them for refusing to pay ship money (and for standing against the tax's legality) aroused widespread indignation.During the 'Personal Rule', Charles aroused most antagonism through his religious measures: he believed in, a sacramental version of the, theologically based upon, a creed shared with his main political advisor, Archbishop. In 1633, Charles appointed Laud as and started making the Church more ceremonial, replacing the wooden tables with stone altars. Puritans accused Laud of reintroducing Catholicism; when they complained, he had them arrested. In 1637, and had their ears cut off for writing pamphlets attacking Laud's views — a rare penalty for, and one that aroused anger. Moreover, the Church authorities revived the statutes passed in the time of about church attendance and fined Puritans for not attending Anglican church services. Rebellion in Scotland.
Main article:The end of Charles' independent governance came when he attempted to apply the same religious policies in Scotland. The, reluctantly in structure, had independent traditions. Charles, however, wanted one uniform Church throughout Britain and introduced a new, High Anglican version of the English to Scotland in the middle of 1637. This was violently resisted; a riot broke out in Edinburgh, which may have been started in, according to legend,.
In February 1638, the Scots formulated their objections to royal policy in the. This document took the form of a 'loyal protest', rejecting all innovations not first having been tested by free parliaments and General Assemblies of the Church.In the spring of 1639, King Charles I accompanied his forces to the Scottish border to end the rebellion known as the. But, after an inconclusive military campaign, he accepted the offered Scottish truce: the. The truce proved temporary, and a second war followed in the middle of 1640. This time, a Scots army defeated Charles's forces in the north, then captured. Charles eventually agreed not to interfere with Scotland's religion and paid the Scots' war-expenses.
Recall of the English Parliament Charles needed to suppress the rebellion in Scotland. He had insufficient funds, however, and needed to seek money from a newly elected in 1640. The majority faction in the new Parliament, led by, took this appeal for money as an opportunity to discuss grievances against the Crown and opposed the idea of an English invasion of Scotland. Charles took exception to this (offence against the ruler) and dissolved the Parliament after only a few weeks; hence the name 'the '.Without Parliament's support, Charles attacked Scotland again, breaking the truce at Berwick, and suffered a comprehensive defeat. The Scots went on to invade England, occupying. Meanwhile, another of Charles's chief advisors, had risen to the role of Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632 and brought in much-needed revenue for Charles by persuading the Irish Catholic gentry to pay new taxes in return for promised religious concessions.In 1639, Charles had recalled Wentworth to England and in 1640 made him Earl of Strafford, attempting to have him achieve similar results in Scotland.
This time he proved less successful and the English forces fled the field in their second encounter with the Scots in 1640. Almost the entirety of Northern England was occupied and Charles was forced to pay £850 per day to keep the Scots from advancing. If he did not, they would 'take' the money by pillaging and burning the cities and towns of Northern England.All this put Charles in a desperate financial position. As King of Scots, he had to find money to pay the Scottish army in England; as King of England, he had to find money to pay and equip an English army to defend England. His means of raising English revenue without an English Parliament fell critically short of achieving this.
Against this backdrop, and according to advice from the (the, but without the, so not a Parliament), Charles finally bowed to pressure and summoned another English Parliament in November 1640. The Long Parliament.
Session of the Long ParliamentThe new Parliament proved even more hostile to Charles than its predecessor. It immediately began to discuss grievances against Charles and his government and with Pym and (of fame) in the lead, took the opportunity presented by the King's troubles to force various reforming measures—including many with strong 'anti-Papist' themes—upon him. The legislators passed a law which stated that a new Parliament should convene at least once every three years—without the King's summons, if necessary. Other laws passed by the Parliament made it illegal for the king to impose taxes without Parliamentary consent and later gave Parliament control over the king's ministers.
Finally, the Parliament passed a law forbidding the King to dissolve it without its consent, even if the three years were up. Ever since, this Parliament has been known as the 'Long Parliament'. However, Parliament did attempt to avert conflict by requiring all adults to sign, an oath of allegiance to Charles.Early in the Long Parliament's proceedings the house overwhelmingly accused of high treason and other crimes and misdemeanours.supplied evidence in relation to Strafford's claimed improper use of the army in Ireland, alleging that Strafford was encouraging the King to use his army raised in Ireland to threaten England into compliance. This evidence was obtained from Vane's father, a member of the King's Privy council, who refused to confirm it in Parliament out of loyalty to Charles. On 10 April 1641, Pym's case collapsed, but Pym made a direct appeal to to produce a copy of the notes from the King's Privy council, discovered by the younger Vane and secretly turned over to Pym, to the great anguish of the Elder Vane. These notes from the King's Privy Council contained evidence Strafford had told the King, 'Sir, you have done your duty, and your subjects have failed in theirs; and therefore you are absolved from the rules of government, and may supply yourself by extraordinary ways; you have an army in Ireland, with which you may reduce the kingdom.'
Pym immediately launched a, stating Strafford's guilt and demanding that the Earl be put to death. Unlike a guilty finding in a court case, attainder did not require a, but it did require. Charles, however, guaranteed Strafford that he would not sign the attainder, without which the bill could not be passed. Furthermore, the Lords were opposed to the severity of the sentence of death imposed upon Strafford. Yet, increased tensions and in the army to support Strafford began to sway the issue.
On 21 April, the Commons passed the Bill (204 in favour, 59 opposed, and 250 abstained), and the Lords acquiesced. Charles, still incensed over the Commons' handling of Buckingham, refused. Strafford himself, hoping to head off the war he saw looming, wrote to the king and asked him to reconsider. Charles, fearing for the safety of his family, signed on 10 May. Strafford was beheaded two days later. In the meantime both Parliament and the King agreed to an independent investigation into the king's involvement in Strafford's plot.The Long Parliament then passed the, also known as the in May 1641, to which the Royal Assent was readily granted. The Triennial Act required that Parliament be summoned at least once every three years, and that when the King failed to issue proper summons, the members could assemble on their own.
This act also forbade ship money without Parliament's consent, fines in distraint of knighthood and forced loans. Monopolies were cut back severely, and the Courts of and were abolished by the and the Triennial Act respectively. All remaining forms of taxation were legalised and regulated by the Tonnage and Poundage Act. On 3 May, Parliament decreed, attacking the 'wicked counsels' of Charles's government, whereby those who signed the petition undertook to defend 'the true reformed religion', parliament, and the king's person, honour and estate.
Throughout May, the House of Commons launched several bills attacking bishops and episcopalianism in general, each time defeated in the Lords.It was hoped by both Charles and Parliament that the execution of Strafford and the Protestation would end the drift towards war; in fact, they encouraged it. Charles and his supporters continued to resent Parliament's demands, while Parliamentarians continued to suspect Charles of wanting to impose episcopalianism and unfettered royal rule by military force. Within months, the Irish Catholics, fearing a resurgence of Protestant power, and all Ireland soon descended into chaos. Rumours circulated that the King supported the Irish, and Puritan members of the Commons soon started murmuring that this exemplified the fate that Charles had in store for them all.In early January 1642, accompanied by 400 soldiers, Charles attempted to arrest five members of the House of Commons on a charge of treason. This attempt failed. When the troops marched into Parliament, Charles enquired of, the, as to the whereabouts of the five. Lenthall replied, 'May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here.'
In other words, the Speaker proclaimed himself a servant of Parliament, rather than of the King. Local grievances In the summer of 1642 these national troubles helped to polarise opinion, ending indecision about which side to support or what action to take. Opposition to Charles also arose owing to many local grievances.
For example, the imposition of drainage schemes in negatively affected the livelihood of thousands of people after the King awarded a number of drainage contracts. Many regarded the King as indifferent to public welfare, and this played a role in bringing a large part of eastern England into the Parliamentarian camp. This sentiment brought with it people such as the and, each a notable wartime adversary of the King.
Conversely, one of the leading drainage contractors, the, was to die fighting for the King at the. First English Civil War (1642–1646). Maps of territory held by Royalists (red) and Parliamentarians (yellow-green), 1642–1645In early January 1642, a few days after his failure to capture five members of the House of Commons, fearing for the safety of his family and retinue, Charles left the London area for the north of the country. Further negotiations by frequent correspondence between the King and the through to early summer proved fruitless.
As the summer progressed, cities and towns declared their sympathies for one faction or the other: for example, the garrison of Portsmouth under the command of Sir declared for the King, but when Charles tried to acquire arms for his cause from, the depository for the weapons used in the previous Scottish campaigns, Sir, the military governor appointed by Parliament in January, refused to let Charles enter Hull, and when Charles returned with more men later,. Charles issued a warrant for Hotham to be arrested as a traitor but was powerless to enforce it. Throughout the summer months, tensions rose and there was brawling in a number of places, with the first death from the conflict taking place in Manchester.At the outset of the conflict, much of the country remained neutral, though the and most English cities favoured Parliament, while the King found considerable support in rural communities. Historians estimate that between them, both sides had only about 15,000 men. However, the war quickly spread and eventually involved every level of society.
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Many areas attempted to remain neutral. Some formed bands of to protect their localities against the worst excesses of the armies of both sides, but most found it impossible to withstand both the King and Parliament. On one side, the King and his supporters fought for traditional government in Church and state. On the other, most supporters of the Parliamentary cause initially took up arms to defend what they thought of as the traditional balance of government in Church and state, which the bad advice the King had received from his advisers had undermined before and during the 'Eleven Years' Tyranny'. The views of the members of Parliament ranged from unquestioning support of the King — at one point during the First Civil War, more members of the Commons and Lords gathered in the King's than at — through to radicals, who wanted major reforms in favour of and the redistribution of power at the national level. However, even the most radical supporters of the Parliamentarian cause still favoured the retention of Charles on the throne. After the, Charles moved on to, where on 22 August 1642, he raised the.
When he raised his standard, Charles had with him about 2,000 cavalry and a small number of Yorkshire infantry-men, and using the archaic system of a, Charles's supporters started to build a larger army around the standard. Charles moved in a south-westerly direction, first to, and then on to, because the support for his cause seemed particularly strong in the valley area and in. While passing through, in what became known as the ', he declared that he would uphold the 'Protestant religion, the laws of England, and the liberty of Parliament'. The Parliamentarians who opposed the King had not remained passive during this pre-war period. As in the case of Kingston upon Hull, they had taken measures to secure strategic towns and cities by appointing to office men sympathetic to their cause, and on 9 June they had voted to raise an army of 10,000 volunteers and appointed commander three days later. He received orders 'to rescue His Majesty's person, and the persons of the and the out of the hands of those desperate persons who were about them'.
The, whom Parliament appointed, used the to order the militia to join Essex's army.Two weeks after the King had raised his standard at Nottingham, Essex led his army north towards, picking up support along the way (including a detachment of cavalry raised and commanded by ). By the middle of September Essex's forces had grown to 21,000 infantry and 4,200 cavalry. On 14 September he moved his army to and then to the north of the, a strategy which placed his army between the Royalists and London. With the size of both armies now in the tens of thousands, and only Worcestershire between them, it was inevitable that cavalry reconnaissance units would sooner or later meet. This happened in the first major skirmish of the Civil War, when a cavalry troop of about 1,000 Royalists commanded by, a German nephew of the King and one of the outstanding cavalry commanders of the war, defeated a Parliamentary cavalry detachment under the command of Colonel John Brown in the, at a bridge across the close to. Rupert withdrew to Shrewsbury, where a council-of-war discussed two courses of action: whether to advance towards Essex's new position near, or to march along the now opened road towards London.
The Council decided to take the London route, but not to avoid a battle, for the Royalist generals wanted to fight Essex before he grew too strong, and the temper of both sides made it impossible to postpone the decision. In the words: 'it was considered more counsellable to march towards London, it being morally sure that the earl of Essex would put himself in their way'. Accordingly, the army left Shrewsbury on 12 October, gaining two days' start on the enemy, and moved south-east.
This had the desired effect, as it forced Essex to move to intercept them.The first of the war, fought at on 23 October 1642, proved inconclusive, and both the Royalists and Parliamentarians claimed it as a victory. The second field action of the war, the stand-off at, saw Charles forced to withdraw to. This city would serve as his base for the remainder of the war.In 1643, the Royalist forces won at, and gained control of most of. In the Midlands, a Parliamentary force under besieged and captured the cathedral city of, after the death of the original commander, Lord Brooke.
This group subsequently joined forces with Sir John Brereton to fight the inconclusive (19 March 1643), where the Royalist commander, the, was killed. Subsequent battles in the west of England at and at also went to the Royalists. Prince Rupert could then take. In the same year, Oliver Cromwell formed his troop of ', a disciplined unit that demonstrated his military leadership ability. With their assistance, he won a victory at the in July.At this stage, from 7 to 9 August 1643, there were some popular demonstrations in London—both pro and against war.
They were protesting at Westminster. A peace demonstration by London women, which turned violent, was suppressed by 's regiment of horse. Some women were beaten and even killed, and many arrested.Following these events of August, the representative of Venice in England reported to the doge that the London government took considerable measures to stifle dissent.In general, the early part of the war went well for the Royalists. The turning point came in the late summer and early autumn of 1643, when the Earl of Essex's army forced the king to raise the and then brushed the Royalist army aside at the (20 September 1643), in order to return triumphantly to London. Other Parliamentarian forces won the, giving them control of. Political manoeuvring to gain an advantage in numbers led Charles to negotiate a ceasefire in Ireland, freeing up English troops to fight on the Royalist side in England, while Parliament offered concessions to the Scots in return for aid and assistance. The, 1644With the help of the Scots, Parliament won at (2 July 1644), gaining and the north of England.
Cromwell's conduct in this battle proved decisive, and demonstrated his potential as both a political and an important military leader. The defeat at the in Cornwall, however, marked a serious reverse for Parliament in the south-west of England. Subsequent fighting around (27 October 1644), though tactically indecisive, strategically gave another check to Parliament.In 1645, Parliament reaffirmed its determination to fight the war to a finish. It passed the, by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands, and re-organized its main forces into the, under the command of Sir, with Cromwell as his second-in-command and of Horse. In two decisive engagements—the on 14 June and the on 10 July—the Parliamentarians effectively destroyed Charles' armies.In the remains of his English realm Charles attempted to recover a stable base of support by consolidating the.
He began to form an axis between Oxford and in Nottinghamshire. Those towns had become fortresses and showed more reliable loyalty to him than to others. He took, which lies between them, but found his resources exhausted. Having little opportunity to replenish them, in May 1646 with a Presbyterian Scottish army at in Nottinghamshire. Charles was eventually handed over to the English Parliament by the Scots and was imprisoned. This marked the end of the First English Civil War. 'And when did you last see your father?'
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By.Charles I took advantage of the deflection of attention away from himself to negotiate a secret treaty with the Scots, again promising church reform, on 28 December 1647. Under the agreement, called the ', the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles' behalf and restore him to the throne on condition of the establishment of Presbyterianism for three years.A series of Royalist uprisings throughout England and a Scottish invasion occurred in the summer of 1648. Forces loyal to Parliament put down most of the uprisings in England after little more than skirmishes, but uprisings in Kent, Essex and Cumberland, the rebellion in Wales, and the Scottish invasion involved the fighting of pitched battles and prolonged sieges.In the spring of 1648 unpaid Parliamentarian troops in Wales changed sides.
Colonel defeated the Royalist rebels at the (8 May) and the rebel leaders surrendered to Cromwell on 11 July after the protracted two-month. Defeated a Royalist uprising in Kent at the on 1 June. Fairfax, after his success at and the pacification of, turned northward to reduce, where, under their ardent, experienced and popular leader Sir, the Royalists had taken up arms in great numbers. Fairfax soon drove the enemy into, but his first attack on the town met with a repulse and he had to settle down to.In the North of England, Major-General fought a very successful campaign against a number of Royalist uprisings—the largest that of Sir in. Thanks to Lambert's successes, the Scottish commander, the, had perforce to take the western route through in his pro-Royalist Scottish invasion of England. The Parliamentarians under Cromwell engaged the Scots at the (17–19 August).
The battle took place largely at near in Lancashire, and resulted in a victory by the troops of Cromwell over the Royalists and Scots commanded by Hamilton. This Parliamentarian victory marked the end of the Second English Civil War.Nearly all the Royalists who had fought in the First Civil War had given their parole not to bear arms against the Parliament, and many of these, like, refused to break their word by taking any part in the second war. So the victors in the Second Civil War showed little mercy to those who had brought war into the land again. On the evening of the surrender of Colchester, Parliamentarians had Sir and shot.
Parliamentary authorities sentenced the leaders of the Welsh rebels, Major-General, Colonel and Colonel to death, but executed Poyer alone (25 April 1649), having selected him by lot. Of five prominent Royalist peers who had fallen into the hands of Parliament, three, the Duke of Hamilton, the, and, one of the Colchester prisoners and a man of high character, were beheaded at Westminster on 9 March. Trial of Charles I for treason. Main articles: andCharles' secret pacts and encouragement of his supporters to break their parole caused Parliament to debate whether to return the King to power at all.
Those who still supported Charles' place on the throne, such as the army leader and moderate Fairfax, tried once more to negotiate with him. Furious that Parliament continued to countenance Charles as a ruler, the Army marched on Parliament and conducted ' (named after the commanding officer of the operation, ) in December 1648. Troops arrested 45 members of Parliament and kept 146 out of the chamber. They allowed only 75 Members in, and then only at the Army's bidding. This received orders to set up, in the name of the people of England, a for treason. Fairfax, a constitutional monarchist and moderate, declined to have anything to do with the trial.
He resigned as head of the army, thus clearing Cromwell's road to power.At the end of the trial the (judges) found Charles I guilty of, as a 'tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy'. His took place on a scaffold in front of the of the on 30 January 1649.
After the in 1660, of the surviving not living in exile, nine were executed and most of the rest sentenced to life imprisonment.Following the execution, Charles, the eldest son was in where, on 17 February 1649 in the Royal Square in, he was publicly proclaimed (following the first public proclamation in Edinburgh on 5 February 1649).Third English Civil War (1649–1651). A 19th century representation of the Massacre at, 1649Ireland had known continuous war since the, with most of the island controlled by the. Increasingly threatened by the armies of the English Parliament after Charles I's arrest in 1648, the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists. The joint Royalist and Confederate forces under attempted to eliminate the Parliamentary army holding by, but their opponents routed them at the (2 August 1649).
As the former Member of Parliament blockaded Prince Rupert's fleet in, Oliver Cromwell could land at on 15 August 1649 with an army to quell the Royalist alliance in Ireland.Cromwell's suppression of the Royalists in Ireland during 1649 still has a strong resonance for many Irish people. After the, the massacre of nearly 3,500 people—comprising around 2,700 Royalist soldiers and 700 others, including civilians, prisoners, and Catholic priests (Cromwell claimed all the men were carrying arms)—became one of the historical memories that has driven Irish-English and Catholic-Protestant strife during the last three centuries. The conquest of Ireland ground on for another four years until 1653, when the last and Royalist troops surrendered. The victors confiscated almost all Irish Catholic-owned land in the wake of the conquest and distributed it to the Parliament's creditors, to the Parliamentary soldiers who served in Ireland, and to English people who had settled there before the war. Scotland.
See also:The execution of altered the dynamics of, which had raged between Royalists and since 1644. By 1649, the struggle had left the Royalists there in disarray and their erstwhile leader, the, had gone into exile. At first, encouraged Montrose to raise a Highland army to fight on the Royalist side. However, when the Scottish Covenanters (who did not agree with the execution of Charles I and who feared for the future of under the new ) offered him the crown of Scotland, Charles abandoned Montrose to his enemies. However, Montrose, who had raised a force in Norway, had already landed and could not abandon the fight. He did not succeed in raising many Highland clans and the Covenanters defeated his army at the in on 27 April 1650. The victors captured Montrose shortly afterwards and took him to.
On 20 May the Scottish Parliament sentenced him to death and had him hanged the next day. 'Cromwell at Dunbar', byCharles II landed in Scotland at in on 23 June 1650 and signed the 1638 and the 1643 shortly after coming ashore. With his original Scottish Royalist followers and his new Covenanter allies, King Charles II became the greatest threat facing the new English republic. In response to the threat, Cromwell left some of his lieutenants in Ireland to continue the suppression of the Irish Royalists and returned to England.He arrived in Scotland on 22 July 1650 and proceeded to lay siege to Edinburgh. By the end of August, disease and a shortage of supplies had reduced his army, and he had to order a retreat towards his base at. A Scottish army, assembled under the command of, tried to block the retreat, but Cromwell defeated them at the on 3 September.
Cromwell's army then took Edinburgh, and by the end of the year his army had occupied much of southern Scotland.In July 1651, Cromwell's forces crossed the into and defeated the Scots at the (20 July 1651). The New Model Army advanced towards, which allowed Charles, at the head of the Scottish army, to move south into England. Cromwell followed Charles into England, leaving to finish the campaign in Scotland. Monck took on 14 August and on 1 September. The next year, 1652, saw the mopping up of the remnants of Royalist resistance, and under the terms of the ', the Scots received 30 seats in a united Parliament in London, with General Monck appointed as the military governor of Scotland. England Although Cromwell's New Model Army had defeated a Scottish army at Dunbar, Cromwell could not prevent Charles II from marching from Scotland deep into England at the head of another Royalist army. The Royalists marched to the west of England because English Royalist sympathies were strongest in that area, but although some English Royalists joined the army, they came in far fewer numbers than Charles and his Scottish supporters had hoped.
Cromwell finally engaged and defeated the new king at on 3 September 1651. Immediate aftermath After the Royalist defeat at Worcester, via safe houses and a famous, to France, and Parliament was left in de facto control of England. Resistance continued for a time, Ireland and Scotland, but with the pacification of England the resistance elsewhere did not threaten the military supremacy of the New Model Army and its parliamentary paymasters.Political control During the Wars, the Parliamentarians established a number of successive committees to oversee the war-effort. The first of these, the, set up in July 1642, comprised 15 members of parliament. Following the -Scottish alliance against the Royalists, the replaced the Committee of Safety between 1644 and 1648. Parliament dissolved the Committee of Both Kingdoms when the alliance ended, but its English members continued to meet and became known as the. A second Committee of Safety then replaced that committee.Episcopacy.
Charles I's Archbishop of Canterbury.During the period of the English Civil War, the role of bishops as wielders of political power and as upholders of the became a matter of heated political controversy. Formulated a doctrine of, which held that in the New Testament the offices of presbyter and episkopos were identical; he rejected the doctrine of. Calvin's follower brought Presbyterianism to when the Scottish church was reformed in 1560. In practice, Presbyterianism meant that committees of lay elders had a substantial voice in church government, as opposed to merely being subjects to a ruling.This vision of at least partial in paralleled the struggles between.
Oliver Cromwell
A body within the movement in the sought to abolish the office of bishop and remake the Church of England along Presbyterian lines. The tracts (1588–1589), applying the name of to the church hierarchy, attacked the office of bishop with satire that deeply offended and her. The also related to this movement, seeking further reductions in church ceremony, and labelling the use of elaborate vestments as 'unedifying' and even., reacting against the perceived contumacy of his Presbyterian Scottish subjects, adopted 'No Bishop, no King' as a slogan; he tied the hierarchical authority of the bishop to the absolute authority he sought as king, and viewed attacks on the authority of the bishops as attacks on his own authority. Matters came to a head when King appointed as the; Laud aggressively attacked the Presbyterian movement and sought to impose the full. The controversy eventually led to Laud's for by a in 1645, and subsequent execution.
Charles also attempted to impose episcopacy on Scotland; the Scots' violent rejection of bishops and liturgical worship sparked the in 1639–1640.During the height of Puritan power in and, episcopacy was formally abolished in the Church of England on 9 October 1646. The Church of England remained Presbyterian until the of the monarchy with in 1660.
English overseas possessions. Further information:During the period of the English Civil War, the English overseas possessions were highly involved. In the, the island of Jersey and in Guernsey supported the King until in December 1651 they surrendered with honour.
Although the newer, Puritan settlements in North America, most notably, were dominated by Parliamentarians, the older colonies sided with the Crown. Friction between royalists and Puritans in Maryland came to a head in the. The settlements, and, as well as and were conspicuous in their loyalty to the Crown.
Bermuda's Independent Puritans were expelled, settling the under as the. A historical civil war re-enactmentInto this atmosphere General, Governor of Scotland under the Cromwells, marched south with his army from Scotland. On 4 April 1660, in the, made known the conditions of his acceptance of the Crown of England.
Monck organised the, which met for the first time on 25 April 1660. On 8 May 1660, it declared that King Charles II had reigned as the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649. Charles returned from exile on 23 May 1660. On 29 May 1660, the populace in London acclaimed him as king.
His coronation took place at on 23 April 1661. These events became known as the.Although the monarchy was restored, it was still only with the consent of Parliament; therefore, the civil wars effectively set England and Scotland on course to adopt a form of government. This system would result in the outcome that the future, formed in 1707 under the, would manage to forestall the kind of often-bloody revolution, typical of European republican movements that followed the revolution in 18th century France and the later success of, which generally resulted in the total abolition of monarchy. It was no coincidence that the United Kingdom was spared the wave of revolutions that occurred in Europe in the 1840s.
Specifically, future monarchs became wary of pushing Parliament too hard, and Parliament effectively chose the line of royal succession in 1688 with the and in the 1701. After the, Parliament's factions became political parties (later becoming the and ) with competing views and varying abilities to influence the decisions of their monarchs. Historiography and explanations Part of on.In the early decades of the 20th century the was the dominant theoretical view. They explained the Civil War as resulting from a centuries-long struggle between Parliament (especially the House of Commons) and the Monarchy, with Parliament defending the traditional rights of Englishmen, while the Stuart monarchy continually attempted to expand its right to arbitrarily dictate law.
The most important Whig historianpopularised the idea that the English Civil War was a 'Puritan Revolution': challenging the repressive Stuart Church, and preparing the way for in the Restoration. Thus, Puritanism was the natural ally of a people preserving their traditional rights against arbitrary monarchical power.The Whig view was challenged and largely superseded by the school, which became popular in the 1940s, and which interpreted the English Civil War as a revolution. Retrieved 4 October 2014. Walter Scott, Waverley; or, 'Tis Sixty Years Since (1814), Chap. 2., for example., p. 251., pp. 236–63.
^ John Simkin (August 2014) originally September 1997. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Gaunt, Peter (2014), The English Civil War: A Military History, London: I.B.
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Royalists makes you an Absolute Monarchy at the end of the war, but you can just switch back to a Constitutional Monarchy when you unlock the tech.Parliamentarians makes you a Republican Dictatorship which is different from a normal republic in that Elections are not held. When Cromwell dies, you'll get an event (as long as the war is over) that gives you the option to become a Constitutional Republic or a Constitutional Monarchy.They both get the same events relating to the Scots, Welsh, Irish and the Model army so the only difference is whether you want to put up with Cromwell to become a republic or not. Republics are pretty strong and I would recommend that if you can keep your republican tradition up, but in my experience Cromwell is never generated with good stats (he is scripted to have a mil stat of 4, the rest is random).